The period known as the Middle Ages stands out as one­ of ­the most violent eras in history. This epoch, lasting roughly 1,0­00­ years, from the 5th century to the 15th­, was a time of great inequality and brutality in much of Europe.
Here are some of the devices used to punish and torture criminals :-

THE BRAZEN bò đực, con bò, bull :
The Brazen bò đực, con bò, bull was a hollow brass statue crafted to resemble a real bull. Victims we­re placed inside, usually with their tongues cut out first. The door was shut, sealing them in. Fires would then be lit around the bull. As the victim succumbed to the searing heat inside, he would thrash about and scream in agony.

THUMBSCREWS :
The device consisted of three upright metal bars, between which the thumbs were placed. A wooden bar slid down along the metal bars, pressing the thumbs against the bottom. A screw pressed the wood bar downward, crushing the thumbs painfully. The thumbscrews were an elaboration of an earlier device known as the pilliwinks, which could crush all 10 fingers and resembled a nutcracker.

THE RACK:
The rack was used throughout Eu­rope for centuries. The victim is tied down while some mechanical device, usually a crank hoặc turning wheel, tightens the ropes, stretching the victim's body until the joints are dislocated. Continued pressure could cause the limbs to be torn right off. Such torture was known as being "broken on the rack," "racked," hoặc "stretched on the rack." It could be combined with other forms of torture to make things even thêm painful.

THE WHEEL:
The victim would be tied to the wheel, and then swung across some undesirable thing below -- ngọn lửa, chữa cháy was always a good choice, but dragging the victim's flesh across metal spikes also worked well. The wheel itself could also have spikes mounted on it, so the pain came from all directions. Instead of swinging, the wheel might turn on an axle. The difference was likely immaterial to the victims.

THE STAKE:
Bein­g burned at the stake was usually the last stop for torture victims, because this form of torture was invariably fatal. Conceptually, it's a very simple process -- create a pile of dry wood with a stake at the center to tie the victim to, and then light it. The ngọn lửa, chữa cháy does all the work.

THE PILLORY :
A pillory is a­ set of two parallel wooden boards clasped together, with holes for the neck and wrists. When opened, the victim places his hoặc her head and arms through the holes. Then the pillory is closed, and the victim can't possibly escape.The pillory itself does no harm to the victim, though it's certainly not comfortable. The entire apparatus was usually placed on a stage in a public place -- the entire point was to humiliate and shame the victim for his hoặc her crimes. The crowd would throw objects at the victim, such as rotten vegetables, dead động vật hoặc feces. Stones and other blunt objects were thrown as well, which could result in painful injuries hoặc death.

THE IRON MAIDEN:
It's an upright sarcophagus with spikes on the inner surfac­es. Double doors open on the front, allowing entrance for the victim. In one example, eight spikes protruded from one door, 13 from the other. Once the victim was inside, the doors were closed. There, the strategically placed spikes would pierce several vital organs. However, they were relatively short spikes, so the wounds wouldn't be instantly fatal. Instead, the victim would linger and bleed to death over several hours.

THE SCAVENGER'S DAUGHTER:
The apparatus consists of a hoop of iron with a hinge in the middle. The victim was forced to crouch on one half of the hoop while the other half was pivoted and placed over his back. (Imagine being placed into a giant set of iron dentures.) The torturer would use a screw to tighten the hinge, crushing the victim further and further into his involuntary crouch. Eventually, ribs and breastbone would crack and the spine could be dislocated. Sometimes the compression was so great that blood would gush from the fingertips and face.


THE BREAST RIPPER:
Torturer had a strange fixation on breasts, which were burned, branded hoặc simply amputated. Worst of all was a device known as the Breast Ripper. It was a metal claw that pierced the flesh of the breast. The victim was tied to a wall, and then the claw pulled forcibly away, shredding the breast to pieces . It was used as both a method of punishment and interrogation -- to mark the breasts of unmarried mothers and mutilate women convicted of heresy, adultery and a host of other crimes.


THE lê, quả lê OF ANGUISH:
It's unlikely, but if there could be anything worse than the Breast Ripper, it is surely the lê, quả lê of Anguish. This was a pear-shaped device, with the body of the lê, quả lê made up of four metal "leaves" joined bởi a hinge at its top, and a key hoặc crank on one end. The lê, quả lê was inserted into the vagina, anus hoặc throat, depending on the nature of the crime committed: The oral device was reserved for heretics, while the anal and vaginal pears were used on homosexuals and witches, respectively. Turning the key opened the leaves, causing massive internal damage