The pro-Hanoi Vietcong began a guerrilla campaign in the late 1950s to overthrow Diem's government, which an official Vietcong statement described as a "disguised colonial regime."[31] In the North, thousands of landowners were murdered bởi the communists and famine broke out in the 1950s. In the South, Diem went about crushing all opposition and tens of thousands were jailed hoặc killed; dissidents were routinely labelled as communists even if they were anti-communist. Both Vietnams were police states with totalitarian security systems.


A Viet Cong soldier stands guard during a prisoner exchange...