A video game console is an interactive entertainment computer hoặc customized computer system that produces a video display signal which can be used with a display device (a television, monitor, etc.) to display a video game. The term "video game console" is used to distinguish a machine designed for people to buy and use primarily for playing video games on a TV. As of 2007, it is estimated that video game consoles have made up 75% of the world's gaming market.
First generation
The Magnavox Odyssey was the first video game console, released in 1972.
Although the first computer games appeared in the 1950s,they were based around vector displays, not analog video. It was not until 1972 that Magnavox released the first trang chủ video game console which could be connected to a TV set—the Magnavox Odyssey, invented bởi Ralph H. Baer. The Odyssey was initially only moderately successful, and it was not until Atari's arcade game Pong popularized video games, that the public began to take thêm notice of the emerging industry. bởi the autumn of 1975 Magnavox, bowing to the popularity of Pong, cancelled the Odyssey and released a scaled down version that only played Pong and hockey, the Odyssey 100. A second, "higher end" console, the Odyssey 200, was released with the 100 and added onscreen scoring, up to four players, and a third game—Smash. Almost simultaneously released with Atari's own trang chủ Pong console through Sears, these consoles jump-started the consumer market. As with the arcade market, the trang chủ market was soon flooded bởi dedicated consoles that played simple pong and pong-derived games.
một giây generation
The Atari 2600 became the most được ưa chuộng game console of the một giây generation.
Fairchild released the Fairchild Video Entertainment System (VES) in 1976. While there had been trước đó game consoles that used cartridges, either the cartridges had no information and served the same function as flipping switches (the Odyssey) hoặc the console itself was empty and the đạn, hộp mực contained all of the game components. The VES, however, contained a programmable microprocessor so its cartridges only needed a single ROM chip to store microprocessor instructions.
RCA and Atari soon released their own cartridge-based consoles.
Video game crash of 1977
in 1978,manufacturers of older,obsolete consoles sold their systems at a loss to clear stock, creating a glut in the market and causing Fairchild and RCA to abandon their game consoles.Only Atari and Magnavox stayed in the trang chủ console market,later dying as game console makers.
Rebirth of the trang chủ console market
The VES continued to be sold at a profit after the 1977 crash, and both Bally (with their trang chủ thư viện Computer in 1977) and Magnavox (with the Odyssey² in 1978) brought their own programmable cartridge-based consoles to the market. However, it was not until Atari released a conversion of the arcade hit không gian Invaders in 1980 that the trang chủ console industry was completely revived. Many consumers bought an Atari just for không gian Invaders. không gian Invaders' unprecedented success started the trend of console manufacturers trying to get exclusive rights to arcade titles, and the trend of advertisements for game consoles claiming to bring the arcade experience home.
Throughout the early 1980s, other companies released video game consoles of their own. Many of the video game systems were technically superior to the Atari 2600, and marketed as improvements over the Atari 2600. However, Atari dominated the console market in the early 1980s.
Video game crash of 1983
Main article: Video game crash of 1983
In 1983, the video game business suffered a much thêm severe crash. A flood of consoles, low quality video games bởi smaller companies (especially for the 2600), industry leader Atari hyping games such as E.T. that were poorly received, and a growing number of trang chủ computer users caused consumers and retailers to lose faith and interest in video game consoles. Most video game companies filed for bankruptcy, hoặc moved into other industries, abandoning their game consoles. Mattel Electronics sold the rights for its Intellivision system to the INTV Corporation, who continued to produce Intellivision consoles and develop new games for the Intellivision until 1991. All other North American game consoles were discontinued bởi 1984.
Third generation
The NES made video games được ưa chuộng again after the 1983 crash.
In 1983, Nintendo released the Family Computer (or Famicom) in Japan. Like the ColecoVision, the Famicom supported high-resolution sprites and tiled backgrounds, but with thêm colors. This allowed Famicom games to be longer and have thêm detailed graphics. Nintendo brought their Famicom over to the US in the form of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1985. In the US, video games were seen as a fad that had already passed. To distinguish its product from older video game consoles, Nintendo used a front-loading đạn, hộp mực port similar to a VCR on the NES, packaged the NES with a Super Mario Brothers game and a light gun (the Zapper), and originally advertised it as a toy. The plastic "robot" (R.O.B.) was also sold as an individual purchase item and in some cases packaged with the NES system.
Like không gian Invaders for the 2600, Nintendo found its breakout hit game in Super Mario Bros. Nintendo's success revived the video game industry and new consoles were soon introduced in the following years to compete with the NES.
Sega's Master System was intended to compete with the NES, but never gained any significant market share in the US and was barely profitable. It fared notably better in PAL territories, especially Brazil.
Third generation
The NES made video games được ưa chuộng again after the 1983 crash.
In 1983, Nintendo released the Family Computer (or Famicom) in Japan. Like the ColecoVision, the Famicom supported high-resolution sprites and tiled backgrounds, but with thêm colors. This allowed Famicom games to be longer and have thêm detailed graphics. Nintendo brought their Famicom over to the US in the form of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1985. In the US, video games were seen as a fad that had already passed. To distinguish its product from older video game consoles, Nintendo used a front-loading đạn, hộp mực port similar to a VCR on the NES, packaged the NES with a Super Mario Brothers game and a light gun (the Zapper), and originally advertised it as a toy. The plastic "robot" (R.O.B.) was also sold as an individual purchase item and in some cases packaged with the NES system.
Like không gian Invaders for the 2600, Nintendo found its breakout hit game in Super Mario Bros. Nintendo's success revived the video game industry and new consoles were soon introduced in the following years to compete with the NES.
Sega's Master System was intended to compete with the NES, but never gained any significant market share in the US and was barely profitable. It fared notably better in PAL territories, especially Brazil.
Fifth generation
The Sony PlayStation became the most được ưa chuộng system of the fifth generation consoles, eventually selling over 100 million systems.
The first fifth-generation consoles were the Atari Jaguar and the 3DO. Both of these systems were much thêm powerful than the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) hoặc Mega Drive (known as Genesis in North America); they were better at rendering polygons, could display thêm onscreen colors, and the 3DO used discs that contained far thêm information than cartridges and were cheaper to produce. Neither of these consoles were serious threats to Sega hoặc Nintendo, though. The 3DO cost thêm than the SNES and Genesis combined, and the Jaguar was extremely difficult to program for, leading to a lack of games that used its extra power. Both consoles would be discontinued in 1996. Bandai introduced an táo, apple Macintosh based console called the Pippin that was thêm like a low cost computer than a high end console, but did poorly in the market.
Nintendo released games like Donkey Kong Country that could display a wide range of tones (something common in fifth-generation games) bởi limiting the number of hues onscreen, and games like ngôi sao cáo, fox that used an extra chip inside of the đạn, hộp mực to display polygon graphics. Sega followed suit, releasing Vectorman and Virtua Racing (the latter of which used the Sega Virtua Processor).
It was not until Sega's Saturn, Sony's PlayStation, and the Nintendo 64 were released that fifth generation consoles started to become popular. The Saturn and PlayStation used CDs to store games, while the N64 used cartridges. All three cost far less than the 3DO, and were easier to program than the Jaguar. The Saturn also had 2D sprite handling power on par with the Neo-Geo.
Atari's Jaguar was released to combat the dominance that Nintendo and Sega were fighting for. Atari's hope was that bởi designing a thêm powerful console, it would be able to leapfrog all of the released systems of the ngày and give gamers a technologically superior system. The Jaguar eventually faded away due to a number of reasons. For example, it was difficult to program, thus making it too problematic to have good third-party support. Another of the Jaguar's pitfalls was the dominance of the previously được ưa chuộng systems. In 1995, the releases of the Sega Saturn and the PlayStation brought the end for the Jaguar. The failure of the Jaguar put Atari into a poor financial situation and forced it to reverse merge with JTS Inc., a short-lived maker of hard disk drives, to form JTS Corporation. The merger effectively ended the company, which existed as a small department for minor support of the Jaguar and the selling off of Atari's intellectual properties.
The 3DO was released in North America in October 1993. Although released to much fanfare, like the Jaguar, it faded out of the market with little popularity. The system was technically superior to all the consoles released at the time, but due to the oversaturated market and the hefty US$699.95 price tag, the system did not adopt well into the market. One unique aspect of the 3DO is that the rights to manufacturing the console itself were licensed to different manufacturers bởi the 3DO company, which only produced the specifications. These companies, in turn, released their own different styles of the same console.
The Sega Saturn was released in North America on May 11, 1995 as the first independent Sega system to use a CD-ROM based media standard, besides the Sega CD add-on for Sega Genesis, and used a special dual chip processor. The difficulty to program for the two chips in parallel was a factor in the console's demise. The Saturn was a mild success, but was overshadowed bởi Sony and Nintendo's dominance of the market. The Saturn was discontinued in 1998 with the release of Sega's last console, the Dreamcast.
Sony's PlayStation was released in Nhật Bản on December 3, 1994 and in North America on September 9, 1995. The PlayStation was the eventual result of a breakdown of a business partnership plan between Sony and Nintendo to create a CD add-on for the SNES. Nintendo changed the deal and went to Philips; however, with the project nearing completion, Sony took what it had and marketed it off as a Sony-branded console. The PlayStation spawned a whole lineup of consoles from generation to generation and has earned Sony great respect as a video game company, becoming the first video game system to sell over 100 million consoles. Sony released a redesigned, smaller version of the PlayStation entitled the 'PSone' on July 7, 2000.
The Nintendo 64 was released in North America on September 29, 1996 as Nintendo's answer to the growing dominance of the PlayStation. It was a 64-bit console, the only one generally recognized in that class despite the 64-bit Atari Jaguar, which had actually been released earlier. Unlike the other companies' consoles of the generation, the N64 had continued to use ROM cartridges, which many saw as a hindrance to gameplay, as cartridges have much less memory không gian and are also thêm expensive than optical media; however, Nintendo's answer to this was that unlike CDs, cartridges cannot be damaged bởi a simple scratch to the surface, load times are not much of an issue, and save data can be stored on the đạn, hộp mực rather than on a memory card. Nevertheless, some believe that Nintendo did this for fear of then growing software piracy issues facing other consoles, such as the PlayStation.
Sixth generation
This generation saw a di chuyển towards PC-like architectures in gaming consoles, as well as a shift towards using DVDs for game media. This brought games that were both longer and thêm visually appealing. Furthermore, this generation also saw experimentation with online console gaming and implementing both flash and hard drive storage for game data.
Sega's Dreamcast released in North America on September 9, 1999 was the company's last video game console, and was the first of the generation's consoles to be discontinued. Sega implemented a special type of optical media called the GD-ROM. These discs were created in order to prevent software piracy, which had been thêm easily done with consoles of the trước đó generation; however, this format was soon cracked as well. The Dreamcast was discontinued in March 2001, and Sega transitioned to software developing/publishing only. It also sported a 33.6Kb hoặc 56k modem which could be used to access the internet hoặc play some of the games, like Phantasy ngôi sao Online, online.
Sony's PlayStation 2 was released in North America on October 26, 2000 as the follow-up to its highly successful PlayStation, and was also the first trang chủ game console to be able to play DVDs. As was done with the original PlayStation in 2000, Sony redesigned the console in 2004 into a smaller version. As of July 2008, 140 million PlayStation 2 units have been sold.This makes it the best selling console of all time to date.
Microsoft's Xbox, released on November 15, 2001 in North America, was the company's first video game console. The first console to employ a hard drive right out of the box to save games, and had similar hardware specifications to a low-end desktop computer at the time of its release. Though criticized for its bulky size, which was easily twice that of the competition, as well as for the awkwardness of the original controller that shipped with it, it eventually gained popularity due in part to the success of the Halo franchise. The Xbox was the first console to include an Ethernet port and offered high speed online gaming through the Xbox LIVE service.
The Nintendo GameCube, released November 18, 2001 in North America, was Nintendo's fourth trang chủ video game console and the first console bởi the company to use optical media instead of cartridges. The Nintendo GameCube did not play standard 12 cm DVDs, instead employing smaller 8 cm optical discs.
Seventh generation
The release of the Xbox 360 began the seventh generation.
The features introduced in this generation include the support of new disc formats: Blu-ray Disc, utilized bởi the PlayStation 3, and HD DVD supported bởi the Xbox 360 via an optional $200 external accessory addition, that was later discontinued as the format war closed. Another new technology is the use of motion as input, and IR tracking (as implemented on the Wii). Also, all seventh generation consoles support wireless controllers.
Microsoft kicked off the seventh generation with the release of the Xbox 360 released on November 22, 2005 in the United States. It featured processing power never before seen until Sony rivaled back with its Playstation 3 one năm later. All Xbox 360s come with a hard drive (except for the 4GB SSD version) and additionally play DVD games as well as DVD phim chiếu rạp out of the box. bạn can have up to four controllers connected to the console wirelessly on the standard 2.4 GHz spectrum. There are 3 discontinued versions of the Xbox 360: the "Arcade," the "Arcade Pro," and the "Elite." The two current shipping versions of the Xbox 360 are: a "slim" 4GB SSD version and a "slim" 250 GB HDD version. The motion gaming capabilities of this console is named "Kinect."
Sony's Play Station 3 was released in Nhật Bản on November 11, 2006, in North America on November 17, 2006 and in Châu Âu on March 23, 2007. All PlayStation 3s come with a hard drive and are able to play Blu-ray Disc games and Blu-ray Disc phim chiếu rạp out of the box. The PlayStation 3 was the first video game console to support HDMI output out of the box, utilizing full 1080p resolution. Up to seven controllers can connect to the console using Bluetooth. There are 6 discontinued versions of the PS3: a 20 GB HDD version (discontinued in North America and Japan, and was never released in PAL territories), a 40 GB HDD version (discontinued), a 60 GB HDD version (discontinued in North America, Nhật Bản and PAL territories), 80 GB HDD version (only in some NTSC territories and PAL territories), a "slim" 120GB HDD version (discontinued), and a "slim" 250 GB version (discontinued). The two current shipping versions of the PlayStation 3 are: a "slim" 160 GB HDD version and a "slim" 320 GB HDD version. The hard drive can be replaced with any standard 2.5" Serial ATA drive and the system has support for removable media storage, such as Memory Stick, Memory Stick Pro, Memory Stick Duo, Memory Stick PRO Duo, USB, SD, MiniSD, and CompactFlash (CF) digital media, but only the PlayStation versions up to 80 GB support this. The slim PlayStation 3 consoles (120 GB and up) had removable storage discontinued.The motion capabilities of this console is named the "PlayStation Move." One would hold the main controller with the dominant hand and an optional một giây controller in the recessive hand. The "PlayStation Move's" controllers are always accurately being tracked bởi a camera. With gần đây software updates, the PlayStation 3 can play 3D Blu-ray phim chiếu rạp and 3D games.
The Nintendo Wii was released in North America on November 19, 2006, in Nhật Bản on December 2, 2006, in Australia on December 7, 2006, and in Châu Âu on December 8, 2006. It is bundled with Wii Sports and Wii Sports Resort in all regions except for Japan. Unlike the other systems of the seventh generation, the Wii does not support an internal hard drive, but instead uses 512 MB of internal Flash memory and includes support for removable SD card storage. It also has a maximum resolution output of 480p, making it the only seventh generation console not able to output high-definition graphics. Along with its lower price, the Wii is notable for its unique controller, the Wii Remote, which resembles a TV remote. The system utilizes a "sensor bar" that emits infrared light that is detected bởi an infrared camera in the Wii Remote to determine orientation relative to the nguồn of the light. Like Nintendo's hand-held systems, it is also backwards compatible with trước đó Nintendo consoles, as it is capable of playing Nintendo GameCube games and supports up to four Nintendo GameCube controllers and two memory cards. It also includes Virtual Console, which allows the purchase and downloading of games from older systems, including those of former competitors. The latest addition to the Wii is the 'Wii Motion Plus', which uses the same technology as the console previously used, but with enhanced motion tracking and sensing to improve gameplay quality. The Wii has four colors: white, blue, black, and red. Current người mẫu include Wii Sports, Wii Sports Resort, and Wii Motion Plus.
Eighth generation
Nintendo's tiếp theo trang chủ console, the Wii U has been officially announced, on June 7, 2011.The Wii U is Nintendo's first console to support high definition graphics up to 1080p and will be the first console to use a controller with a built-in touchscreen. The Wii U will also be backwards compatible with all of the original Wii controllers and input devices.
Bits
Each new generation of console hardware made use of the rapid development of processing technology. Newer machines could output a greater range of colors, thêm sprites, and introduced graphical technologies such as scaling, and vector graphics. One way this increase in processing power was conveyed to consumers was through the measurement of "bits". The TurboGrafx-16, Sega Genesis, and SNES were among the first consoles to quảng cáo the fact that they contained 16-bit processors. This fourth generation of console hardware was often referred to as the 16-bit era, and the trước đó generation as the 8-bit.
The bit-value of a console referred to the word length of a console's processor (although the value was sometimes misused, for example the TurboGrafx 16 had only an 8-bit CPU, and the Genesis/Mega Drive had the 16/32-bit Motorola 68000, but both had a 16-bit dedicated graphics processor). As the graphical performance of console hardware is dependent on many factors, using bits was a crude way to gauge a console's tổng thể ability, but served better to distinguish between generations.
Media
Cartridges
Standard game cartridges for several được ưa chuộng consoles. From front to back: Game Boy Color, Sega Genesis, and Atari 2600.
Game cartridges consist of a printed circuit board housed inside of a plastic casing, with a connector allowing the device to interface with the console. The circuit board can contain a wide variety of components. All đạn, hộp mực games contain at the minimum, read only memory with the software written on it. Many cartridges also carry components that increase the original console's power, such as extra RAM hoặc a coprocessor. Components can also be added to extend the original hardware's functionality(such as gyroscopes, rumble packs, tilt-sensors, light sensors, etc.); this is thêm common on handheld consoles where the user does not interact with the game through a separate video game controller.
Cartridges were the first external media to be used with trang chủ consoles and remained the most common until 1995 continued improvements in capacity (Nintendo 64 being the last mainstream game console to use cartridges).Nevertheless, the relatively high manufacturing costs saw them completely replaced bởi optical media for trang chủ consoles bởi the early 21st century, although they are still in use in some handheld video game consoles.
Due to the aforementioned capabilities of cartridges such as thêm memory and coprocessors, those factors make it harder to reverse engineer consoles to be used on emulators.
Cards
Several consoles such as the Sega Master System and the TurboGrafx-16 have used different types of smart cards as an external medium. These cards function similar to simple cartridges. Information is stored on a chip that is housed in plastic. Cards are thêm compact and simpler than cartridges, though. This makes them cheaper to produce and smaller, but limits what can be done with them. Cards cannot hold extra components, and common đạn, hộp mực techniques like bank switching (a technique used to create very large games) were impossible to miniaturize into a card in the late 1980s.
Compact Discs reduced much of the need for cards. Optical Discs can hold thêm information than cards, and are cheaper to produce. The Nintendo GameCube and the PlayStation 2 use memory cards for storage, but the Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS are currently the only modern systems to use cards for game distribution. Nintendo has long used cartridges with their Game Boy line of hand held consoles because of their durability, small size, stability (not shaking and vibrating the handheld when it is in use), and low battery consumption. Nintendo switched to cards starting with the DS, because advances in memory technology made putting extra memory on the đạn, hộp mực unnecessary.The PlayStation Vita uses Sony's own proprietary flash-memory Vita cards as one method of game distribution.
Magnetic media
Two common forms of magnetic media. From front to back: Cassette and 3½-inch floppy disk.
trang chủ computers have long used magnetic storage devices. Both tape drives and floppy disk drives were common on early microcomputers. Their popularity is in large part because a tape drive hoặc disk drive can write to any material it can read. However, magnetic media is volatile and can be thêm easily damaged than game cartridges hoặc optical discs.
Among the first consoles to use magnetic media were the Bally Astrocade and APF-M1000, both of which could use cassette tapes through expansions. In Bally's case, this allowed the console to see new game development even after Bally dropped support for it. While magnetic media remained limited in use as a primary form of distribution, two được ưa chuộng subsequent consoles also had expansions available to allow them to use this format. The Starpath Supercharger can load Atari 2600 games from audio cassettes; Starpath used it to cheaply distribute their own games from 1982 to 1984 and today it is used bởi many programmers to test, distribute, and play homebrew software. The Family Computer Disk System was released bởi Nintendo in 1985 for the Japanese market. Nintendo sold the disks cheaply and sold vending machines where customers could have new games written to their disks up to 500 times.
Optical media
The most widely used forms of optical media are DVDs and compact discs. Shown is a CD-ROM and a game in Nintendo's proprietary optical disc format similar to a MiniDVD.
In the mid-1990s, various manufacturers shifted to optical media, specifically CD-ROM, for games. Although they were slower at đang tải game data than the cartridges available at that time, they were significantly cheaper to manufacture and had a larger capacity than the existing đạn, hộp mực technology. Commodore released the first CD-disc based Amiga CD32 in September 1993, which was also the first 32-bit game console. bởi the early 21st century, all of the major trang chủ consoles used optical media, usually DVD-ROM hoặc similar disks, which are widely replacing CD-ROM for data storage. The PlayStation 3 system uses even higher-capacity Blu-ray optical discs for games and phim chiếu rạp while the Xbox 360 formerly used HD DVDs in the form of an external USB player add-on for movies, before it was discontinued. However, Microsoft still supports those who bought the accessory.
Internet distribution
All three seventh generation consoles (the PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360) offer some kind of Internet games distribution service, allowing users to download games for a fee onto some form of non-volatile storage, typically a hard disk hoặc flash memory. Recently, the console manufacturers have been taking advantage of internet distribution with games, video streaming services like Netflix, Hulu Plus and film trailers being available.
Microsoft's Xbox Live service includes the Xbox Live Arcade and Xbox Live Marketplace, featuring digital distribution of classic and original titles. These include arcade classics, original titles, and games originally released on other consoles. The Xbox Live Marketplace also includes many different hit phim chiếu rạp and trailers in high definition, and is accessible with a Xbox Live Free Membership. There is also an "Indie Games" section where small time developers can buy a license and release their own games onto the marketplace. Such is their volume, these games are not viewed bởi Microsoft as standard and are instead rated bởi the public.
Sony's online game distribution is known as the PlayStation Network (PSN). It offers free online gaming, downloadable content such as classic PlayStation games, high definition games and movie trailers, and original games such as flOw and Everyday Shooter as well as some games that also release on Blu-ray Disc such as Warhawk and Gran Turismo 5: Prologue. A networking service, dubbed PlayStation Home, was released in December 2008. Sony also announced a video/movie service and âm nhạc service for some time in 2008.
Nintendo's Virtual Console service emulates games from previous-generation consoles and is available for both Wii and Nintendo 3DS. Nintendo also has original content available for download through its online stores, the Wii cửa hàng Channel (WiiWare), Nintendo DSi cửa hàng (DSiWare) and Nintendo eShop. They also offer information and video of upcoming software through the Nintendo Channel, which also allows users to download demos to the Nintendo DS through wireless connection. Other free services include the Forecast Channel, where people can access a weather forecast for cities around the world, News Channel, which provides users with the current world news in different categories such as International hoặc Technology, and also the Internet Channel that allows users to browse the web and watch video in sites like Youtube. The Wii Message Board also allows Nintendo to communicate with Wii owners with letters that include update information hoặc contests on the Check Mii Out Channel, Everybody sự bỏ phiếu Channel and games like Mario Kart Wii.
First generation
The Magnavox Odyssey was the first video game console, released in 1972.
Although the first computer games appeared in the 1950s,they were based around vector displays, not analog video. It was not until 1972 that Magnavox released the first trang chủ video game console which could be connected to a TV set—the Magnavox Odyssey, invented bởi Ralph H. Baer. The Odyssey was initially only moderately successful, and it was not until Atari's arcade game Pong popularized video games, that the public began to take thêm notice of the emerging industry. bởi the autumn of 1975 Magnavox, bowing to the popularity of Pong, cancelled the Odyssey and released a scaled down version that only played Pong and hockey, the Odyssey 100. A second, "higher end" console, the Odyssey 200, was released with the 100 and added onscreen scoring, up to four players, and a third game—Smash. Almost simultaneously released with Atari's own trang chủ Pong console through Sears, these consoles jump-started the consumer market. As with the arcade market, the trang chủ market was soon flooded bởi dedicated consoles that played simple pong and pong-derived games.
một giây generation
The Atari 2600 became the most được ưa chuộng game console of the một giây generation.
Fairchild released the Fairchild Video Entertainment System (VES) in 1976. While there had been trước đó game consoles that used cartridges, either the cartridges had no information and served the same function as flipping switches (the Odyssey) hoặc the console itself was empty and the đạn, hộp mực contained all of the game components. The VES, however, contained a programmable microprocessor so its cartridges only needed a single ROM chip to store microprocessor instructions.
RCA and Atari soon released their own cartridge-based consoles.
Video game crash of 1977
in 1978,manufacturers of older,obsolete consoles sold their systems at a loss to clear stock, creating a glut in the market and causing Fairchild and RCA to abandon their game consoles.Only Atari and Magnavox stayed in the trang chủ console market,later dying as game console makers.
Rebirth of the trang chủ console market
The VES continued to be sold at a profit after the 1977 crash, and both Bally (with their trang chủ thư viện Computer in 1977) and Magnavox (with the Odyssey² in 1978) brought their own programmable cartridge-based consoles to the market. However, it was not until Atari released a conversion of the arcade hit không gian Invaders in 1980 that the trang chủ console industry was completely revived. Many consumers bought an Atari just for không gian Invaders. không gian Invaders' unprecedented success started the trend of console manufacturers trying to get exclusive rights to arcade titles, and the trend of advertisements for game consoles claiming to bring the arcade experience home.
Throughout the early 1980s, other companies released video game consoles of their own. Many of the video game systems were technically superior to the Atari 2600, and marketed as improvements over the Atari 2600. However, Atari dominated the console market in the early 1980s.
Video game crash of 1983
Main article: Video game crash of 1983
In 1983, the video game business suffered a much thêm severe crash. A flood of consoles, low quality video games bởi smaller companies (especially for the 2600), industry leader Atari hyping games such as E.T. that were poorly received, and a growing number of trang chủ computer users caused consumers and retailers to lose faith and interest in video game consoles. Most video game companies filed for bankruptcy, hoặc moved into other industries, abandoning their game consoles. Mattel Electronics sold the rights for its Intellivision system to the INTV Corporation, who continued to produce Intellivision consoles and develop new games for the Intellivision until 1991. All other North American game consoles were discontinued bởi 1984.
Third generation
The NES made video games được ưa chuộng again after the 1983 crash.
In 1983, Nintendo released the Family Computer (or Famicom) in Japan. Like the ColecoVision, the Famicom supported high-resolution sprites and tiled backgrounds, but with thêm colors. This allowed Famicom games to be longer and have thêm detailed graphics. Nintendo brought their Famicom over to the US in the form of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1985. In the US, video games were seen as a fad that had already passed. To distinguish its product from older video game consoles, Nintendo used a front-loading đạn, hộp mực port similar to a VCR on the NES, packaged the NES with a Super Mario Brothers game and a light gun (the Zapper), and originally advertised it as a toy. The plastic "robot" (R.O.B.) was also sold as an individual purchase item and in some cases packaged with the NES system.
Like không gian Invaders for the 2600, Nintendo found its breakout hit game in Super Mario Bros. Nintendo's success revived the video game industry and new consoles were soon introduced in the following years to compete with the NES.
Sega's Master System was intended to compete with the NES, but never gained any significant market share in the US and was barely profitable. It fared notably better in PAL territories, especially Brazil.
Third generation
The NES made video games được ưa chuộng again after the 1983 crash.
In 1983, Nintendo released the Family Computer (or Famicom) in Japan. Like the ColecoVision, the Famicom supported high-resolution sprites and tiled backgrounds, but with thêm colors. This allowed Famicom games to be longer and have thêm detailed graphics. Nintendo brought their Famicom over to the US in the form of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1985. In the US, video games were seen as a fad that had already passed. To distinguish its product from older video game consoles, Nintendo used a front-loading đạn, hộp mực port similar to a VCR on the NES, packaged the NES with a Super Mario Brothers game and a light gun (the Zapper), and originally advertised it as a toy. The plastic "robot" (R.O.B.) was also sold as an individual purchase item and in some cases packaged with the NES system.
Like không gian Invaders for the 2600, Nintendo found its breakout hit game in Super Mario Bros. Nintendo's success revived the video game industry and new consoles were soon introduced in the following years to compete with the NES.
Sega's Master System was intended to compete with the NES, but never gained any significant market share in the US and was barely profitable. It fared notably better in PAL territories, especially Brazil.
Fifth generation
The Sony PlayStation became the most được ưa chuộng system of the fifth generation consoles, eventually selling over 100 million systems.
The first fifth-generation consoles were the Atari Jaguar and the 3DO. Both of these systems were much thêm powerful than the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) hoặc Mega Drive (known as Genesis in North America); they were better at rendering polygons, could display thêm onscreen colors, and the 3DO used discs that contained far thêm information than cartridges and were cheaper to produce. Neither of these consoles were serious threats to Sega hoặc Nintendo, though. The 3DO cost thêm than the SNES and Genesis combined, and the Jaguar was extremely difficult to program for, leading to a lack of games that used its extra power. Both consoles would be discontinued in 1996. Bandai introduced an táo, apple Macintosh based console called the Pippin that was thêm like a low cost computer than a high end console, but did poorly in the market.
Nintendo released games like Donkey Kong Country that could display a wide range of tones (something common in fifth-generation games) bởi limiting the number of hues onscreen, and games like ngôi sao cáo, fox that used an extra chip inside of the đạn, hộp mực to display polygon graphics. Sega followed suit, releasing Vectorman and Virtua Racing (the latter of which used the Sega Virtua Processor).
It was not until Sega's Saturn, Sony's PlayStation, and the Nintendo 64 were released that fifth generation consoles started to become popular. The Saturn and PlayStation used CDs to store games, while the N64 used cartridges. All three cost far less than the 3DO, and were easier to program than the Jaguar. The Saturn also had 2D sprite handling power on par with the Neo-Geo.
Atari's Jaguar was released to combat the dominance that Nintendo and Sega were fighting for. Atari's hope was that bởi designing a thêm powerful console, it would be able to leapfrog all of the released systems of the ngày and give gamers a technologically superior system. The Jaguar eventually faded away due to a number of reasons. For example, it was difficult to program, thus making it too problematic to have good third-party support. Another of the Jaguar's pitfalls was the dominance of the previously được ưa chuộng systems. In 1995, the releases of the Sega Saturn and the PlayStation brought the end for the Jaguar. The failure of the Jaguar put Atari into a poor financial situation and forced it to reverse merge with JTS Inc., a short-lived maker of hard disk drives, to form JTS Corporation. The merger effectively ended the company, which existed as a small department for minor support of the Jaguar and the selling off of Atari's intellectual properties.
The 3DO was released in North America in October 1993. Although released to much fanfare, like the Jaguar, it faded out of the market with little popularity. The system was technically superior to all the consoles released at the time, but due to the oversaturated market and the hefty US$699.95 price tag, the system did not adopt well into the market. One unique aspect of the 3DO is that the rights to manufacturing the console itself were licensed to different manufacturers bởi the 3DO company, which only produced the specifications. These companies, in turn, released their own different styles of the same console.
The Sega Saturn was released in North America on May 11, 1995 as the first independent Sega system to use a CD-ROM based media standard, besides the Sega CD add-on for Sega Genesis, and used a special dual chip processor. The difficulty to program for the two chips in parallel was a factor in the console's demise. The Saturn was a mild success, but was overshadowed bởi Sony and Nintendo's dominance of the market. The Saturn was discontinued in 1998 with the release of Sega's last console, the Dreamcast.
Sony's PlayStation was released in Nhật Bản on December 3, 1994 and in North America on September 9, 1995. The PlayStation was the eventual result of a breakdown of a business partnership plan between Sony and Nintendo to create a CD add-on for the SNES. Nintendo changed the deal and went to Philips; however, with the project nearing completion, Sony took what it had and marketed it off as a Sony-branded console. The PlayStation spawned a whole lineup of consoles from generation to generation and has earned Sony great respect as a video game company, becoming the first video game system to sell over 100 million consoles. Sony released a redesigned, smaller version of the PlayStation entitled the 'PSone' on July 7, 2000.
The Nintendo 64 was released in North America on September 29, 1996 as Nintendo's answer to the growing dominance of the PlayStation. It was a 64-bit console, the only one generally recognized in that class despite the 64-bit Atari Jaguar, which had actually been released earlier. Unlike the other companies' consoles of the generation, the N64 had continued to use ROM cartridges, which many saw as a hindrance to gameplay, as cartridges have much less memory không gian and are also thêm expensive than optical media; however, Nintendo's answer to this was that unlike CDs, cartridges cannot be damaged bởi a simple scratch to the surface, load times are not much of an issue, and save data can be stored on the đạn, hộp mực rather than on a memory card. Nevertheless, some believe that Nintendo did this for fear of then growing software piracy issues facing other consoles, such as the PlayStation.
Sixth generation
This generation saw a di chuyển towards PC-like architectures in gaming consoles, as well as a shift towards using DVDs for game media. This brought games that were both longer and thêm visually appealing. Furthermore, this generation also saw experimentation with online console gaming and implementing both flash and hard drive storage for game data.
Sega's Dreamcast released in North America on September 9, 1999 was the company's last video game console, and was the first of the generation's consoles to be discontinued. Sega implemented a special type of optical media called the GD-ROM. These discs were created in order to prevent software piracy, which had been thêm easily done with consoles of the trước đó generation; however, this format was soon cracked as well. The Dreamcast was discontinued in March 2001, and Sega transitioned to software developing/publishing only. It also sported a 33.6Kb hoặc 56k modem which could be used to access the internet hoặc play some of the games, like Phantasy ngôi sao Online, online.
Sony's PlayStation 2 was released in North America on October 26, 2000 as the follow-up to its highly successful PlayStation, and was also the first trang chủ game console to be able to play DVDs. As was done with the original PlayStation in 2000, Sony redesigned the console in 2004 into a smaller version. As of July 2008, 140 million PlayStation 2 units have been sold.This makes it the best selling console of all time to date.
Microsoft's Xbox, released on November 15, 2001 in North America, was the company's first video game console. The first console to employ a hard drive right out of the box to save games, and had similar hardware specifications to a low-end desktop computer at the time of its release. Though criticized for its bulky size, which was easily twice that of the competition, as well as for the awkwardness of the original controller that shipped with it, it eventually gained popularity due in part to the success of the Halo franchise. The Xbox was the first console to include an Ethernet port and offered high speed online gaming through the Xbox LIVE service.
The Nintendo GameCube, released November 18, 2001 in North America, was Nintendo's fourth trang chủ video game console and the first console bởi the company to use optical media instead of cartridges. The Nintendo GameCube did not play standard 12 cm DVDs, instead employing smaller 8 cm optical discs.
Seventh generation
The release of the Xbox 360 began the seventh generation.
The features introduced in this generation include the support of new disc formats: Blu-ray Disc, utilized bởi the PlayStation 3, and HD DVD supported bởi the Xbox 360 via an optional $200 external accessory addition, that was later discontinued as the format war closed. Another new technology is the use of motion as input, and IR tracking (as implemented on the Wii). Also, all seventh generation consoles support wireless controllers.
Microsoft kicked off the seventh generation with the release of the Xbox 360 released on November 22, 2005 in the United States. It featured processing power never before seen until Sony rivaled back with its Playstation 3 one năm later. All Xbox 360s come with a hard drive (except for the 4GB SSD version) and additionally play DVD games as well as DVD phim chiếu rạp out of the box. bạn can have up to four controllers connected to the console wirelessly on the standard 2.4 GHz spectrum. There are 3 discontinued versions of the Xbox 360: the "Arcade," the "Arcade Pro," and the "Elite." The two current shipping versions of the Xbox 360 are: a "slim" 4GB SSD version and a "slim" 250 GB HDD version. The motion gaming capabilities of this console is named "Kinect."
Sony's Play Station 3 was released in Nhật Bản on November 11, 2006, in North America on November 17, 2006 and in Châu Âu on March 23, 2007. All PlayStation 3s come with a hard drive and are able to play Blu-ray Disc games and Blu-ray Disc phim chiếu rạp out of the box. The PlayStation 3 was the first video game console to support HDMI output out of the box, utilizing full 1080p resolution. Up to seven controllers can connect to the console using Bluetooth. There are 6 discontinued versions of the PS3: a 20 GB HDD version (discontinued in North America and Japan, and was never released in PAL territories), a 40 GB HDD version (discontinued), a 60 GB HDD version (discontinued in North America, Nhật Bản and PAL territories), 80 GB HDD version (only in some NTSC territories and PAL territories), a "slim" 120GB HDD version (discontinued), and a "slim" 250 GB version (discontinued). The two current shipping versions of the PlayStation 3 are: a "slim" 160 GB HDD version and a "slim" 320 GB HDD version. The hard drive can be replaced with any standard 2.5" Serial ATA drive and the system has support for removable media storage, such as Memory Stick, Memory Stick Pro, Memory Stick Duo, Memory Stick PRO Duo, USB, SD, MiniSD, and CompactFlash (CF) digital media, but only the PlayStation versions up to 80 GB support this. The slim PlayStation 3 consoles (120 GB and up) had removable storage discontinued.The motion capabilities of this console is named the "PlayStation Move." One would hold the main controller with the dominant hand and an optional một giây controller in the recessive hand. The "PlayStation Move's" controllers are always accurately being tracked bởi a camera. With gần đây software updates, the PlayStation 3 can play 3D Blu-ray phim chiếu rạp and 3D games.
The Nintendo Wii was released in North America on November 19, 2006, in Nhật Bản on December 2, 2006, in Australia on December 7, 2006, and in Châu Âu on December 8, 2006. It is bundled with Wii Sports and Wii Sports Resort in all regions except for Japan. Unlike the other systems of the seventh generation, the Wii does not support an internal hard drive, but instead uses 512 MB of internal Flash memory and includes support for removable SD card storage. It also has a maximum resolution output of 480p, making it the only seventh generation console not able to output high-definition graphics. Along with its lower price, the Wii is notable for its unique controller, the Wii Remote, which resembles a TV remote. The system utilizes a "sensor bar" that emits infrared light that is detected bởi an infrared camera in the Wii Remote to determine orientation relative to the nguồn of the light. Like Nintendo's hand-held systems, it is also backwards compatible with trước đó Nintendo consoles, as it is capable of playing Nintendo GameCube games and supports up to four Nintendo GameCube controllers and two memory cards. It also includes Virtual Console, which allows the purchase and downloading of games from older systems, including those of former competitors. The latest addition to the Wii is the 'Wii Motion Plus', which uses the same technology as the console previously used, but with enhanced motion tracking and sensing to improve gameplay quality. The Wii has four colors: white, blue, black, and red. Current người mẫu include Wii Sports, Wii Sports Resort, and Wii Motion Plus.
Eighth generation
Nintendo's tiếp theo trang chủ console, the Wii U has been officially announced, on June 7, 2011.The Wii U is Nintendo's first console to support high definition graphics up to 1080p and will be the first console to use a controller with a built-in touchscreen. The Wii U will also be backwards compatible with all of the original Wii controllers and input devices.
Bits
Each new generation of console hardware made use of the rapid development of processing technology. Newer machines could output a greater range of colors, thêm sprites, and introduced graphical technologies such as scaling, and vector graphics. One way this increase in processing power was conveyed to consumers was through the measurement of "bits". The TurboGrafx-16, Sega Genesis, and SNES were among the first consoles to quảng cáo the fact that they contained 16-bit processors. This fourth generation of console hardware was often referred to as the 16-bit era, and the trước đó generation as the 8-bit.
The bit-value of a console referred to the word length of a console's processor (although the value was sometimes misused, for example the TurboGrafx 16 had only an 8-bit CPU, and the Genesis/Mega Drive had the 16/32-bit Motorola 68000, but both had a 16-bit dedicated graphics processor). As the graphical performance of console hardware is dependent on many factors, using bits was a crude way to gauge a console's tổng thể ability, but served better to distinguish between generations.
Media
Cartridges
Standard game cartridges for several được ưa chuộng consoles. From front to back: Game Boy Color, Sega Genesis, and Atari 2600.
Game cartridges consist of a printed circuit board housed inside of a plastic casing, with a connector allowing the device to interface with the console. The circuit board can contain a wide variety of components. All đạn, hộp mực games contain at the minimum, read only memory with the software written on it. Many cartridges also carry components that increase the original console's power, such as extra RAM hoặc a coprocessor. Components can also be added to extend the original hardware's functionality(such as gyroscopes, rumble packs, tilt-sensors, light sensors, etc.); this is thêm common on handheld consoles where the user does not interact with the game through a separate video game controller.
Cartridges were the first external media to be used with trang chủ consoles and remained the most common until 1995 continued improvements in capacity (Nintendo 64 being the last mainstream game console to use cartridges).Nevertheless, the relatively high manufacturing costs saw them completely replaced bởi optical media for trang chủ consoles bởi the early 21st century, although they are still in use in some handheld video game consoles.
Due to the aforementioned capabilities of cartridges such as thêm memory and coprocessors, those factors make it harder to reverse engineer consoles to be used on emulators.
Cards
Several consoles such as the Sega Master System and the TurboGrafx-16 have used different types of smart cards as an external medium. These cards function similar to simple cartridges. Information is stored on a chip that is housed in plastic. Cards are thêm compact and simpler than cartridges, though. This makes them cheaper to produce and smaller, but limits what can be done with them. Cards cannot hold extra components, and common đạn, hộp mực techniques like bank switching (a technique used to create very large games) were impossible to miniaturize into a card in the late 1980s.
Compact Discs reduced much of the need for cards. Optical Discs can hold thêm information than cards, and are cheaper to produce. The Nintendo GameCube and the PlayStation 2 use memory cards for storage, but the Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS are currently the only modern systems to use cards for game distribution. Nintendo has long used cartridges with their Game Boy line of hand held consoles because of their durability, small size, stability (not shaking and vibrating the handheld when it is in use), and low battery consumption. Nintendo switched to cards starting with the DS, because advances in memory technology made putting extra memory on the đạn, hộp mực unnecessary.The PlayStation Vita uses Sony's own proprietary flash-memory Vita cards as one method of game distribution.
Magnetic media
Two common forms of magnetic media. From front to back: Cassette and 3½-inch floppy disk.
trang chủ computers have long used magnetic storage devices. Both tape drives and floppy disk drives were common on early microcomputers. Their popularity is in large part because a tape drive hoặc disk drive can write to any material it can read. However, magnetic media is volatile and can be thêm easily damaged than game cartridges hoặc optical discs.
Among the first consoles to use magnetic media were the Bally Astrocade and APF-M1000, both of which could use cassette tapes through expansions. In Bally's case, this allowed the console to see new game development even after Bally dropped support for it. While magnetic media remained limited in use as a primary form of distribution, two được ưa chuộng subsequent consoles also had expansions available to allow them to use this format. The Starpath Supercharger can load Atari 2600 games from audio cassettes; Starpath used it to cheaply distribute their own games from 1982 to 1984 and today it is used bởi many programmers to test, distribute, and play homebrew software. The Family Computer Disk System was released bởi Nintendo in 1985 for the Japanese market. Nintendo sold the disks cheaply and sold vending machines where customers could have new games written to their disks up to 500 times.
Optical media
The most widely used forms of optical media are DVDs and compact discs. Shown is a CD-ROM and a game in Nintendo's proprietary optical disc format similar to a MiniDVD.
In the mid-1990s, various manufacturers shifted to optical media, specifically CD-ROM, for games. Although they were slower at đang tải game data than the cartridges available at that time, they were significantly cheaper to manufacture and had a larger capacity than the existing đạn, hộp mực technology. Commodore released the first CD-disc based Amiga CD32 in September 1993, which was also the first 32-bit game console. bởi the early 21st century, all of the major trang chủ consoles used optical media, usually DVD-ROM hoặc similar disks, which are widely replacing CD-ROM for data storage. The PlayStation 3 system uses even higher-capacity Blu-ray optical discs for games and phim chiếu rạp while the Xbox 360 formerly used HD DVDs in the form of an external USB player add-on for movies, before it was discontinued. However, Microsoft still supports those who bought the accessory.
Internet distribution
All three seventh generation consoles (the PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360) offer some kind of Internet games distribution service, allowing users to download games for a fee onto some form of non-volatile storage, typically a hard disk hoặc flash memory. Recently, the console manufacturers have been taking advantage of internet distribution with games, video streaming services like Netflix, Hulu Plus and film trailers being available.
Microsoft's Xbox Live service includes the Xbox Live Arcade and Xbox Live Marketplace, featuring digital distribution of classic and original titles. These include arcade classics, original titles, and games originally released on other consoles. The Xbox Live Marketplace also includes many different hit phim chiếu rạp and trailers in high definition, and is accessible with a Xbox Live Free Membership. There is also an "Indie Games" section where small time developers can buy a license and release their own games onto the marketplace. Such is their volume, these games are not viewed bởi Microsoft as standard and are instead rated bởi the public.
Sony's online game distribution is known as the PlayStation Network (PSN). It offers free online gaming, downloadable content such as classic PlayStation games, high definition games and movie trailers, and original games such as flOw and Everyday Shooter as well as some games that also release on Blu-ray Disc such as Warhawk and Gran Turismo 5: Prologue. A networking service, dubbed PlayStation Home, was released in December 2008. Sony also announced a video/movie service and âm nhạc service for some time in 2008.
Nintendo's Virtual Console service emulates games from previous-generation consoles and is available for both Wii and Nintendo 3DS. Nintendo also has original content available for download through its online stores, the Wii cửa hàng Channel (WiiWare), Nintendo DSi cửa hàng (DSiWare) and Nintendo eShop. They also offer information and video of upcoming software through the Nintendo Channel, which also allows users to download demos to the Nintendo DS through wireless connection. Other free services include the Forecast Channel, where people can access a weather forecast for cities around the world, News Channel, which provides users with the current world news in different categories such as International hoặc Technology, and also the Internet Channel that allows users to browse the web and watch video in sites like Youtube. The Wii Message Board also allows Nintendo to communicate with Wii owners with letters that include update information hoặc contests on the Check Mii Out Channel, Everybody sự bỏ phiếu Channel and games like Mario Kart Wii.